Making a Hero

A hero and heroic journeys are the most important elements of Ancient mythology, and the Odyssey by Homer as an example of such epics. Joseph Campbell identifies three main stages of the hero’s journey found in monomyths: Separation, Initiation and Return. In the Odyssey, the main hero goes through these stages in order to prove and test his courage and heroism. Thesis Through physical journeys and trials, his personality changes for the better: while ‘initiation’ tests his psychical and psychological strength, separation and return reflect his personal qualities and new values. In contrast to traditional model proposed by Joseph Campbell, the Odyssey follows a parallel construction: readers know about his return and separation simultaneously. The first stage, separation, begins twenty years prior to the events depicted in the Odyssey. Readers know about Odyssey’s departure and causes of this separation through memories of Odyssey and other characters. The main difference is that Homer tells about separation through memories and isolated stories. Only in Book XVI, Homer describes the separation: â€Å"it is such a long time ago that I / can hardly say. Twenty years are come and gone since he left my / home, and went elsewhither† (Homer, Book XVI). This quote is very important because it tells readers about the past and helps Penelope to recollect events. Penelope is sure that Ulysses is â€Å"laid before her† (Homer). The most important is that the story about separation coincides with ‘return’ of the hero and his moral development. The rest of the story (the return) describes his new qualities and values developed during initiation from the psychological point of view. The second stage, initiation, consists of several trials and battles which show courage and enormous physical strength of Odyssey. The main trials include: the encounter with the Cicones, several years spent in Calypso’s cave; the battle with the Cyclops and the encounter with the Sirens show that only. The first encounters show his physical strength while the second ones test his psychological qualities. â€Å"Odysseus then you are, o great contender, of whom the glittering god with the golden wand / spoke to me ever, and foretold /the black swift ship would carry you from Troy† (Homer, Book X). This remark tells readers that his journey is not over and he needs great courage and bravery to overcome all difficult situations and eternal evil. It is possible to make certain distinctions between two stages of personal development (separation and return): for instance, fresh strong feeling in Odyssey hero is a different thing from the mass strong feeling in the people; or that some types and manifestations of feeling are gross self-indulgence and are not at all the thing they appear to be; or that an appearance of strong feeling may be only a mask hiding some weakness or other. Physical sufferings and trials have changed his personality and world views. At the stage of return, Homer does not tell about low morals of Odyssey and his habits, but describes him as a real hero who returns home. He inherits his honesty. In his love for women he shows that he has none of snobbery. At the end, the main hero is depicted as a keeper of law and traditions of the society. Also, Homer shows that it is dangerous thing to forget about human dignity and human code of ethics. â€Å"'The royal pair mingled in love again and afterward lay revelling in stories. / †¦ Odysseus told of what hard blows he had dealt to others and of what blows he had taken-all that story† (Homer, Book XXIII). This remark shows that after Initiation, Odyssey is a loving husband and father, fair ruler and son. At this stage, Odyssey combines the moral and social qualities of an ideal hero. In sum, the remarkable feature of the Odyssey is a cyclical structure of the Hero’s journey based on physical and psychological development of the main character.   Using a cyclical structure, Homer compares and contrasts the qualities of two different characters: Odyssey before and after the initiation stage. The inferences in the paper are important because they help to identify and analyze the main elements of the text, and then synthesize and summarize the main findings of the analysis. Works Cited Page Homer. The Odyssey. N.d. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext99/dyssy10.txt

Herculine Barbin Essay

Upon reading Herculine Barbin, it helped me understand the difficulties in which Herculine had, living as a hermaphrodite living in his century, as it is still very difficult to lead such a life now. However, many parts of the reading were ambiguous because she never exactly mentions the condition of her body or what kind of sickness she is exactly suffering from. Although she always mentions the fact that she is suffering and in a great deal of pain, she only goes as far to describe the way she looks from the outside and how the others perceive her sickness. In the beginning of the novel, I can’t help but be confused about Herculine’s sexual identity. She describes herself as being born in a hospital that treats for â€Å"sick people of both sexes,† but it seems though, for the time being, she is going to be living on as a female. However, advancing into the story, we see the sorts of intimacy she gets into as she declares her love for other girls. This is another way to show the reader of the uncertainty in the identification of her gender. I loved her at first sight, and though her outward appearance had nothing about it that was dazzling, it was irresistibly attractive because of the modest grace that was shed over her entire person. † This quote represents a bit of masculinity yet also the femininity that was present within Herculine. Herculine seemed to be warm around other girls and woman, like any other female, but there was a certain different intimacy. She had grown up with women and it had taught her to be feminine and loving. However, because women surround her, it allowed her to explore her sexuality and employ it as much as possible. We can see uncertainty of gender arising here. Another uncertainty we see is the intelligence that is present in Herculine. She is described as being the smartest and as being very studious. Some of her traits do make it seem as though she was born to be a male. Although her birth did decide Herculine’s gender, it does not decide her true identity. There is a mistaken belief for her gender and there is not an exact way to identify Herculine’s true gender. Herculine always feels guilty about what she is doing, whether it may be falling in love with Sara or feeling sick. She has to be self-conscious about what she does because it can ruin her reputation. She had to hide her identity in order to get what she wanted. As a child, Herculine had a small problem growing up with all girls, because she felt a different intimacy with a girl names Lea, and that is where it all had started. Herculine was unable to control her desires later on, especially with Madame P’s daughter, Sara. Their relationship was so intimate that it was becoming painful for Herculine. Herculine was unsure if the identity she was carrying was right or if she needed a change. But she knew that no one was to know about the change because it would condemn her from society and shun anyone around her. She could not just be considerate of herself but needed to think about everyone else around her, especially those who were offering and giving help to her. She possesses shame toward her body and its undergoing changes. When her body starts to grow hair, she tries to hide it and when she realizes she is becoming more masculine, she feels uncomfortable with the transformation. Her refusal to show off her body to the doctor shows us that she does regret and dislike the changes that are going on in her body. It shows off her feminine side. Although Herculine was hurting from the bodily changes, she tries to hide all of these factors because she indeed wants to stay a woman. She feels awkward in society and does not have the problem with the way she was living then. She believed that she was born to love but her identity change later on in the story was forcing her to love like a man. Many times in the reading, Herculine relies on religion to get her through the sufferings. She is very pious and tries to fit into society and uses religion to relieve herself of the outside world. She feels guilty toward the world with regards to what is happening to herself. She wants acceptance or change but at the same time she also wants answers. When she confesses for the first time, she is shocked to find the priest, Abbe H, who is very close and associated with Madame P’s family, throwing insults and terrifying words at her. That was the deciding factor that leads her to secrecy and more uncertainty over her body. However, later she finds people who encourage her and aid her with her disease. One specific person would be Monsieur de Saint M. He is the one who urges her to go off and tells her the instructions as to what to do in order to cure of her disease. Never does he once put her down. He treats Herculine like his own and on his deathbed, Monsieur de Saint M is proud of Herculine and Herculine seems to be thankful toward him. He was like a father figure to her and he led her to live more true to her self. However, even after she undergoes a change to her body, Barbin undergoes obstacles to try to fit in with her new identity and body. To his dismay, the surroundings and people around Herculine look down at her and with disgust. Herculine is unable to find and job and therefore looks for an escape, and that is to the United States. Society was very stereotypical, because of the fact that although Herculine was now a man, she did not seem or acted like one. However, Herculine himself, or rather herself, did not seem satisfied with the new identity and was miserable. This leads to suicide later on. Herculine had to cut her own life due to societal torments. She had to leave her real identity behind and it was the cause of her misery. Herculine was never comfortable living in her society as a hermaphrodite because never in her life did she feel normal and comfortable with herself.

Vikram Seth

Vikram Seth Vikram Seth is a famous Indian poet, novelist, travel writer, librettist, children’s writer, biographer and memoirist. He was born on June 20, 1952 in Calcutta, now known as Kolkata. His father, Prem Seth, was an employee of the Bata India Limited shoe company. His mother was the first woman judge of the Delhi High Court, as well as the first woman to become Chief Justice of a state High Court, known as Shimla High Court. His childhood was spent in the town of Batanagar near Calcutta, Patna, and London. He has a younger brother, Shantum, and a younger sister, Aradhana. Seth admits that some of the fictional characters in his novels are â€Å"drawn from real life,† in comparison to his parents and siblings. Although discreet at times, he is not secretive about his personal life. He admits that the â€Å"I† in many of his poems is in reference to himself. His poems are addressed to both male and female objects. â€Å"Some men like Jack and some like Jill†¦What is my status? Stray? Or Great? are quotes taken from the poem Dubious, which shows him being open about his sexuality. He attended The Doon School in Dehadrun, where he admits to his â€Å"terrible feeling of loneliness and isolation,† during his studies. He also attended Oxford University, where he took his undergraduate degree in philosophy, politics, and economics. He was enrolled at Stanford University, as well as Nanjing University for his intended doctoral dissertation on Chinese population plann ing. â€Å"The Golden Gate† (1986), was his first novel. He has written a travelogue â€Å"From Heaven Lake: Travels Through Sinkiang and Tibet† (1983). His works in poetry include All You Who Sleep Tonight (1990). He has also written a story book for children Beastly Tales from Here and There (1992). His acclaimed epic of Indian life, A Suitable Boy (1993), won the WH Smith Literary Award and the Commonwealth Writers Prize (Overall Winner, Best Book). A Suitable Boy is the story of several Indian families-the Kapoors, Mehras, Chatterjis and Khans, whose paths intersect continually over a period of about a year. It never strays far from the subject of love and marriage–indeed, the book both begins and ends with weddings. Set in India in the early 1950s , which has only recently gained its independence from the British. A young girl by the name of Lata Mehra is the second daughter in her family. Her widowed mother, Rupa Mehra, is determined to find a â€Å"suitable boy† for her daughter. The book opens at Savita, Lata’s elder sister, and Pran Kapoor's wedding, where Lata decides that she does not want an arranged marriage like her sister. As the year passes three suitors come into Lata's life. Of the three, a handsome Muslim classmate and the self-made business man her mother wants for her. Lata is a rebellious kind of girl who is already in love with a Muslim boy. The novel shows a conflict between Hindus and Muslims in the fictional city of Brahmpur, where the story is primarily set. One of the main aims of the novel is to infuse the spirit of religious tolerance among the Hindus and Muslims. Family drama and Indian history unfold around her: Savita and Pran begin domestic life together and start their family. Life changes for Maan, Pran's brother, when he falls for a girl from an unsuitable family. The story also surrounds a fight that Lata’s brother has in Calcutta. The story delves into the normal and day to day routine life activities of India in 1951-52. Seth creates a compelling tale revolving around these four families and their love, hatred, sadness, daily chores, and lives in the times of a crisis. It shows a society that is a mix of different cultures, communities, and castes undergoing a change. Vikram Seth Vikram Seth Vikram Seth is a famous Indian poet, novelist, travel writer, librettist, children’s writer, biographer and memoirist. He was born on June 20, 1952 in Calcutta, now known as Kolkata. His father, Prem Seth, was an employee of the Bata India Limited shoe company. His mother was the first woman judge of the Delhi High Court, as well as the first woman to become Chief Justice of a state High Court, known as Shimla High Court. His childhood was spent in the town of Batanagar near Calcutta, Patna, and London. He has a younger brother, Shantum, and a younger sister, Aradhana. Seth admits that some of the fictional characters in his novels are â€Å"drawn from real life,† in comparison to his parents and siblings. Although discreet at times, he is not secretive about his personal life. He admits that the â€Å"I† in many of his poems is in reference to himself. His poems are addressed to both male and female objects. â€Å"Some men like Jack and some like Jill†¦What is my status? Stray? Or Great? are quotes taken from the poem Dubious, which shows him being open about his sexuality. He attended The Doon School in Dehadrun, where he admits to his â€Å"terrible feeling of loneliness and isolation,† during his studies. He also attended Oxford University, where he took his undergraduate degree in philosophy, politics, and economics. He was enrolled at Stanford University, as well as Nanjing University for his intended doctoral dissertation on Chinese population plann ing. â€Å"The Golden Gate† (1986), was his first novel. He has written a travelogue â€Å"From Heaven Lake: Travels Through Sinkiang and Tibet† (1983). His works in poetry include All You Who Sleep Tonight (1990). He has also written a story book for children Beastly Tales from Here and There (1992). His acclaimed epic of Indian life, A Suitable Boy (1993), won the WH Smith Literary Award and the Commonwealth Writers Prize (Overall Winner, Best Book). A Suitable Boy is the story of several Indian families-the Kapoors, Mehras, Chatterjis and Khans, whose paths intersect continually over a period of about a year. It never strays far from the subject of love and marriage–indeed, the book both begins and ends with weddings. Set in India in the early 1950s , which has only recently gained its independence from the British. A young girl by the name of Lata Mehra is the second daughter in her family. Her widowed mother, Rupa Mehra, is determined to find a â€Å"suitable boy† for her daughter. The book opens at Savita, Lata’s elder sister, and Pran Kapoor's wedding, where Lata decides that she does not want an arranged marriage like her sister. As the year passes three suitors come into Lata's life. Of the three, a handsome Muslim classmate and the self-made business man her mother wants for her. Lata is a rebellious kind of girl who is already in love with a Muslim boy. The novel shows a conflict between Hindus and Muslims in the fictional city of Brahmpur, where the story is primarily set. One of the main aims of the novel is to infuse the spirit of religious tolerance among the Hindus and Muslims. Family drama and Indian history unfold around her: Savita and Pran begin domestic life together and start their family. Life changes for Maan, Pran's brother, when he falls for a girl from an unsuitable family. The story also surrounds a fight that Lata’s brother has in Calcutta. The story delves into the normal and day to day routine life activities of India in 1951-52. Seth creates a compelling tale revolving around these four families and their love, hatred, sadness, daily chores, and lives in the times of a crisis. It shows a society that is a mix of different cultures, communities, and castes undergoing a change.

Relevant Information for Decision Making session long project 3 Essay

Relevant Information for Decision Making session long project 3 (walmart) accounting - Essay Example Here the two main questions and pieces of information that need to be considered are a) the location of the stores and the relative distance from the competitors and b) the Sales potential for the stores and the estimated revenue that the company might expect from the stores. Both these have a major impact on the overall profitability of the company. The irrelevant information for the company includes a) the sales for the US branch of the company and b) the sales forecast for Wal Mart international. Both these pieces of information do not have an impact on the company or the profitability of the company and hence can be ignored while the decision making process. Using the contribution margin for each of the stores will permit Wal Mart to accurately identify the most profitable locations. The first step to be adopted here will be to finalise the major stores, which are expected to grow and develop to achieve high market shares, following which it is essential for the company to detail the additional costs that relate to the smaller stores. Also the marginal fixed overheads can also be used to do so. The use of marginal costs of the additional stores can be obtained using the above information. Using the contribution margin method proves to be very effective and impactful on the businesses as the full cost and tradition methods of costing are not valid in the present times and hence the demand for the products is high as well. Also, this will provide information to the management which will help make more informed decisions for the additional store. Also this will allow gain a clear picture of the benefits that the additional store can provide and will also help in better estimation of the profitability of the stores as well. However, it is essential to keep in mind that although the contribution margin analysis is a simple process, the efforts to involved in finding the information for the analysis if quite tedious. Also the costs involved for the

You Decide Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

You Decide - Case Study Example On the other hand, the circuit that Teddy appealed to overturned the ruling with claims that Pollard had failed to report the case earlier and that the discipline given to Pollard was deserved. The circuit court offered that Teddy reinstates Pollard in which Pollard appealed and refused the offer. The company under the Civil Rights Act is liable to protect its employees from sexual harassment. The organization is liable to ensure that all employees obtain the necessary education on these acts and have an environment that favors their ability to report such cases in a manner that may not jeopardize their life in the organization. The company is liable for the actions of their employees if they fail to take actions on them these include the actions of the supervisors in perpetrating or condoning the act. The worst-case damages to Pollard that could be imposed on the organization would include the back payments that the employee requires plus the inclusion of jail term to the employees involved. One of the most prominent rewards in sexual harassment included the case against President Bill Clinton and Paula Jones. In this case, Paula Jones was rewarded damages of $850000 short of an apology as prescribed by law (Fablo). These indicate how heavy the damages may prove in sexual harassment cases. Title VII, as applied in the Civil Rights Act, adopted in 1964 aims at protecting employees against any form of discrimination at the workplace. The Act covers sexual discrimination, discrimination on a racial basis, religion origin, or color. In the case scenario presented, Title VII would apply in consideration of the facts including the sexual harassment that Pollard suffered at work. According to the Act, the discrimination in relation to sex or gender of an employee is well described with various cases having set precedence in the field (Twomey, p.431). A number of cases have set precedence for

Virgin Galactic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Virgin Galactic - Essay Example Ever since Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon, it has been every man’s wish to be able to do the same. Space is one of the most mystifying and romantic locations ever and knowing how hard it is to get there has only made it more sought after. But everyone cannot become astronauts. That is why Richard Branson, with his Virgin Group decided it was time common people get the opportunity to set foot into space. And with this noble thought in mind, the Virgin Group created Virgin Galactic – a company that is dedicated to taking ‘space tourists’ to their most sought after tourist spot – space. To do this, Virgin Galactic has modeled its very own spaceships after the history-making SpaceShipOne. Virgin Galactic’s spaceship is called SpaceShipTwo and its mission is to make â€Å"affordable exploration of space by human beings a real possibility†. Market Segmentation: Market Segmentation is the bifurcation of a large group of people into smaller groups that have similar characteristics. The whole point of this exercise is so that an organization may be able to design a marketing mix to fulfill the demands and expectations of the participants in the various sub groups, in a precise manner. The market is usually divided based on geography, demography, consumer behavior and psychography. Geographic Segmentation defines the exact geographic location of residence of the target. It is often divided based on region (continent, country, state, city, etc.), size of metropolitan area based on size of population, population density (urban, suburban, rural, etc.) and climate. Based on these variables, we can define the target audience for Virgin Galactic to be living in urban areas of UK that are densely populated.4 Demographic Segmentation looks at dividing the market based on demographic variables such as age, gender, family size, income, religion, education, social class, etc. Based on these variables, we could say that the target for Virgin Galactic would be high net worth individuals with high incomes, belonging to SEC A+.5 They would be educated and probably come from small families, that is, either bachelors or just married, with no kids. Behavioral Segmentation divides the target based on consumer behavior towards the product or service. It is based on variables such as brand loyalty, user status (i.e. first time user, potential, regular, etc.), readiness to buy, occasions (holidays or other events).6 Based on these variables, the target for Virgin Galactic could be defined as first time users who are most willing to spend money to go into space. They just want to go into space, and aren’t much worried about the money they are spending. Occasions play no role in this. Psychographic Segmentation divides people based on their lifestyles, interests, opinions, values, etc. Based on these variables, we could define the target for Virgin Galactic as people who lead a very frivolous lifestyle, who are willing to spend good money on anything that will make them happy, in this case takes them to space. Their interests would include space, experiencing anything new, especially before their peers. Consumer Profile: Geographic: Region: England City: Birmingham Density: Urban Demographic: Gender: Male Age: 38 years Lifecycle: Married, no children Occu pation: Businessman Education: University graduate Income: GPB 500000 per annum Nationality: British Behavioral: User Status: First time Readiness: Very high Benefits: Going into space, making a dream come true, doing something special before peers and competitors. Occasion: None Psychographic: Social class: A+ - high income, high net worth individual Personality: Fun, ambitious, impulsive, confident, athletic, enthusiastic to experience new things Lifestyle: Tech-savvy, plays a lot of sport, fitness freak, socially active Hobbies: Sport, follows tennis, golf and cricket Mobile Phone: iPhone 5 (Contract) Consumer Behavior Factors Consumer behavior refers to the method in which a consumer selects, purchases and consumes certain products

Economics of Sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics of Sport - Essay Example Without this sports excitement, the league and the events would be dull and would not attract fans and customers. The uniqueness of the sports world lies in the fact that they develop their business on selling competition. One of the key features of the economics of sports is that the demand for its product is related to the uncertainty of the outcome (Garland, Malcom & Rowe, 2000). The league attempts to restrict competition so that no one team is able to gain too much market power or excessive dominance. If any team of professional team sports gains monopoly, it would cause the revenue to disappear altogether (Garland, Malcom & Rowe, 2000). There are many ways to measure competitive balances, the most frequently used metrics are standard deviation and win percentages of the teams for a given year, ratio of the actual to idealized standardized standard deviation of win percentages, ratio of top to bottom win percentages, the range of win percentages, the gini coefficient of win percentages and the excess tail frequencies (Zimbalist, 2004). It is assumed that fans have a strong preference of uncertainty of outcomes for the purpose of hopes and expectations. The best measure to use would be one to which consumers show most sensitivity (Zimbalist, 2004). In his book â€Å"Handbook of sports economics† (2006) Fizel explains that there are many measures of competitive balance, but their efficacy is still argued over. However the arguments over the relative efficacy are due to the inability to understand the distinction between the three main elements of competitive balance. remain at the top and those which are not remain at the bottom for long periods of time. Although it is widely agree that competitive balance is essential for keeping fans interested, it has also been viewed that in certain cases the home team’s performance has a significant impact on the attendance. This is in contrast to the hypotheses of uncertainty of outcome. This probability

Practitioner interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Practitioner interview - Essay Example Technical drawing and construction skills are the essential skills that one acquires when studying Architecture. These skills enable an architect to match creative and conceptual ideas about designs together with setting up of real life structures. It is not necessary; however, most schools and architects advocate that one should have some knowledge about architecture. They involve technical studies that one may find challenging if not exposed to early enough. Work placements are important in developing architectural skills. Such industrial attachments also expose a person to practical skills and field requirements of architecture. This is vital to success in the field, especially considering the fact that a small percentage of architecture involves design while the rest involves interactive processes. As long as an architect is qualified and has the requisite knowledge and skills, it is virtually impossible to lack a well-paying job. Alternatively, with adequate qualification in the theoretical and practical areas of the profession, an architect can opt to open his or her firm, acquiring contracts Any student wanting to pursue architecture should first be driven by passion. This field involves a lot of technicalities and one can easily give up. However, it pays off when you gain the necessary knowledge. Architecture is a wide field and one should continue exploring possibilities and opportunities that arise daily. I will engage in as many projects as I can, in order to gain the necessary experience that I will need to start my own practice and maybe eventually own a real estate firm. One of the principal lessons I learnt from the respondent is that, Architecture is important not only as a learning program offered in schools, but also in mainstream society where it is actually practiced. It gives people the ideas to construct complex buildings, real estates, as well as, sky scrapers. Architecture field is mostly influenced by rapid

Knowledge Management- Building a learning organization summary Essay

Knowledge Management- Building a learning organization summary - Essay Example These five areas are considered as necessary in order to build a successful learning organization. This paper will therefore review this article and summarize it and present the point out the specific ideas presented in the paper. Confusion about the concept of learning organizations Even though organizations as well as the academics are aware of the significance of the concept of learning organization however, it is still considered as a source of confusion for many. The initial paragraph therefore sets the tone as to how the organizations in a fast changing environment and industries such as semi-conductor industry can adapt to the increasing complexity of doing business through learning and acquiring knowledge. Till now the efforts to define a learning organization have been based upon stating it in a relatively philosophical position with little or no actionable implementation of the subject. The author therefore has suggested that there is a need to develop a more actionable and practical definition of learning organizations. Author also highlights the practical implication of the same for the management of the organizations as it is suggested that the management must have an operational definition which can be put into action. Further, the current definition of the learning organizations also lack the measurability viz a viz measuring the rate at which an organization can actually increase its learning over the period of time. Learning Organizations Though the author has outlined different views of other authors regarding defining the concept however, Garvin has outlined following definition of learning organizations â€Å"A learning organization is an organization skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights.† (Garvin) According to the author, above definition has taken into consideration the practical aspects of actually implementing the knowledge within an organiz ation. The above definition is therefore considered as something which is actionable and limits the number of organizations which can actually be considered as the knowledge or learning organizations. Building Blocks According to author, there are five different building blocks which are essential for organizations to become truly learning organizations in nature. The first building block discussed is the excellence at achieving the capability of systematic problem solving. Learning organizations must adapt the new and more objective ways of analyzing the information for the purpose of problem solving. The more emphasis should be placed upon dealing with the problems through logic and data rather than relying extensively on guesswork and other methods. Experimentation is another building block for the learning organizations as it is suggested that the learning organizations must continue to search for and new ideas and knowledge in order to become more competitive. It has been stres sed that the experimentation should be done in two different phases wherein the on-going continuation program should be in place to allow small programs of experimentation to run through the time. The one-off programs for experimentation purposes have also been discussed to suggest that the organizations must develop capabilities to successfully execute such programs. It has also been discuss

Perception of mathematics of first year students Literature review

Perception of mathematics of first year students - Literature review Example Most first year students will perceive mathematics as a difficult subject and preserved for the bright and interested students. These negative perceptions make most first year students, in most cases girls approach the subject with a negative attitude, and this undermines their performance. The study of mathematics in schools has not been distinctively defined, and it is not a culture or value free field (Ernest, 2000). This means that mathematics in schools is not viewed as being the same as mathematics in other academic fields or research areas. Appreciating mathematics among first year students is usually expressed in their ability of comprehending the major branches and notions of mathematics. It is also viewed as the ability of students to establish the interconnections or interdependencies that exist in the field. The study of mathematics usually compels its communal applications in the fields of governance, commerce, education along with industry. Traditionally, mathematics wa s viewed as compulsory for all students who had ambitions of venturing into various academic fields (Ernest, 2000). However, this has changed with most students in the modern times not viewing it as vital for every member of their population. This is because of the revolution going on across many academic fields (Ducksworth, 2008). Students across many schools perceive mathematics as a study reserved for a few people who are left in charge of controlling the major systems in their economies (Ernest, 2000). This is because they view it is a hard subject and this negative perception undermines performance. Success achieved in the field of mathematics is not perceived by the students to be the main determinant of economic success within a country (Clements, Sarama & DiBiase, 2004). The students perceive mathematics as not being the most important element of the revolution of information. They view the other subjects taught in the school curriculums and skills acquired through every day practice as being the most vital determinants of the revolution in information (Ernest, 2000). Students in their first year of school perceive the study of mathematics as a study of doing things (Marshall, 2007). Very few students are involved in reading mathematical textbooks and are instead involved in the act of solving problems through doing actual things (Clements, Sarama & DiBiase, 2004). The language that is used in studying mathematics in schools is composed of imperatives that command students to perform certain tasks in specific ways. This implies that the capabilities of studying mathematics are perceived by students as being dominant and covering their overall studies in different fields (Ducksworth, 2008). Additionally, students perceive mathematics as a field that requires their understanding and abilities to work out problems (Marshall, 2007). This looks like a task for many students, and they will approach mathematics with a bad attitude, which challenges their perf ormance. Many first year students also believe that one cannot develop an appreciation for the field of mathematics without him or her having the capability of working out solutions (Ernest, 2000). According to Popham (2005), some of the students fail to achieve a high performance in schools due to the overvaluing or undervaluing of the field’

Issue paper with support on maintaining cultural diversity, consider Essay

Issue paper with support on maintaining cultural diversity, consider those against and write their views put me in support position with positive part of it - Essay Example One is in full support for maintaining cultural diversity for the following reasons: (1) it encourages the exchange of more variety of ideas, opinions, and points of views that increases opportunities for greater knowledge; (2) members of culturally diverse communities or organizations acknowledge that no one particular cultural value is better than others; (3) increased interaction among members would contribute to â€Å"more frequent and effective working relationships among those who have mutual interests† (Smith et. al. 1); (4) new ideas are produced, communications are improved and bridges are built to the people needing services (Smith et.al. 1); and (5) provides greater chances for emergence of innovative ideas and therefore facilitates generation of more alternatives to solve problems. Those who oppose maintaining cultural diversity contend that: (1) there would be potential tendencies to lose awareness and adherence to traditional cultural values; (2) there could be more conflicts due to disparities in beliefs, practices, and traditions; (3) there are more misunderstandings which delay effective communication process and decision-making; and (4) in organizations and work groups, maintaining cultural diversity would necessitate managing it which would be more costly and time consuming (Gadget 1). The benefits of maintaining cultural diversity far outweigh any costs or disadvantages associated with it. Therefore, one strongly believes that cultural diversity should be maintained and managed for the greater benefit of a greater number of people. Diversity and Cultural Competence Reporting Requirements, Minimum Standards and Benchmarks for Victoria Health Services Project. 2009. Web. 01 February 2012

Raw by Scott Monk and Hero of War by Rise Against Extended response Essay Example for Free

Raw by Scott Monk and Hero of War by Rise Against Extended response Essay ‘Institutions can change one for better or worse’ this quote is proven in the novel ‘raw’ by Scott Monk and ‘Hero of War’ by Rise Against. Through the contrasting ideas of rebellion and conformity, the responders are able to see how institutions can manipulate one and have a negative or positive impact. In ‘Raw’ by Scott Monk, Brett uses rebellion to escape from his fears and then be liberated from it; he does this as he believes it is the only way to freedom. When Brett first gets to the farm he is given trust and responsibility straight away which he is not used to as he has never been automatically trusted before. Brett is unaware of how to react to this, as he has only ever experienced negative forms of authority beforehand. Brett believes that Sam is naà ¯ve and stupid for giving Brett and the other boys at the farm trust. Sam believes in giving everyone second chances and that if people want to change then it is up to them. The institution can change one for better or worse but it’s up to the persona to allow the change, so if they refuse the tools the institution provides them with, then they will stay the same. The farm as an institution has a positive impact on Brett, because once he starts taking responsibility for his actions then he changes. â€Å"†¦He didn’t want to be here. It was a waste of time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  through the use of third person narration the responders are able to see that Brett’s attitude towards the institution as a whole is that, he believes that this institution is a waste of his time as he believes it isn’t going to help him. Later on in the novel Brett comes to realisation after Josh opens up to him, Brett realises that he shouldn’t blame his actions on everyone else, and that he should take responsibility and live up to the consequences. The responders are able to see how much Brett has changed in the end of the novel when Brett admit s that it was his fault that they broke up. â€Å"†¦I’m the one to blame!† The exclamation mark is used to emphasise that he is taking responsibility for his actions, and for once isn’t blaming it on her. Because of the tools that Sam has given Brett he now knows that rebellion is not always the viable option. Thus the institution has changed Brett for the better, as he now he takes responsibility for his choices and doesn’t blame everyone else. In contrast, the persona in ‘Hero of War’ By Rise Against, changes for the worst as a result of this institution. Throughout the film clip it shows flash backs of what he was like before he had joined the army,  which was happy and he had a good self-image. Then throughout the clip we are shown him being in a green room, where he is glowing and there is black surrounding him, as the responders we can see the emotional damage which the persona has been through. â€Å"†¦I told them to stop/But then I joined in†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This complete juxtaposition shows the audience how he is forced to conform and adhere to the institution. The effect of this is that the responders can see that even though the persona knows what h e is doing is wrong, he is forced to conform to the army. In the end of the video we are shown the persona walking the streets of America, painted in white with red glowing hands. This symbolises the guilt which he feels for conforming and taking the innocent lives. The persona no longer fits in to society’s mould. This is ironic as there is still a high camera angle on him showing that he has power, even though he doesn’t fit in. Thus this institution has changed the persona for the worst as he now has a sense of guilt within himself and doesn’t fit in to his home country which is America ‘the only flag I trust’ Ultimately through the study of Raw by Scott Monk and Hero of War by Rise Against, it is shown that institutions can have either a detrimental or beneficial impact on products of an institution. This is shown through the contrasting ideas of Rebellion and Conformity.

Helios Solar Farm Project Scope Construction Essay

Helios Solar Farm Project Scope Construction Essay The purpose of this scope statement is to define, document, approve, and control the scope of a 100MW Solar Energy Plant Project of Phoenix Group. The appointed project team shall plan, execute, control, and close the project according to this document. Overview of the project Project Name: Helios Solar Farm Nature: 100MW Photovoltaic Power Plant Location: Greece Time: 5 years after project initiation date Cost: 400,000,000.00 Euro The renewable energy sector has experienced significant growth in recent years fuelled by EU energy policy, technological innovation, and rising fossil fuel prices. On April 25, 2007, the Hellenic Regulatory Energy Authority (REA) issued a National Program for the Development of Power Stations in Greece, which state that by the end of 2010, 21% of Electric Energy consumed must be from Renewable Energy sources as per commitments to EU Strategic Development. Encouraged by the policy and the continuous investment return and low operating risk nature of Solar Power Project, the Phoenix Group decide to establish a 100MW Photovoltaic Power Plant named Phoenix Solar Energy Plant in Greece. Project Scope The Helios Solar Farm will be a ground-based very large scale photovoltaic power plant consisting of 10 inter-connected solar farms, each capable of producing 10 MW of electricity within a margin of 5%. Once completed, it shall cater for the electricity needs of over 1,500,000 solar panels which can annually generate 100,000 MWh electricity to fulfill the needs of approx. 30,000 family homes, and save around 50,000 Tones CO2 per year. Project Objectives To design and to construct the Photovoltaic Power Plant. To be profitable not only for the shareholders but also the final users. To have efficient communication and organization through all the project development. Dismantle the entire complex at the life cycles end (35 years after construction). Capitalize on any technological breakthroughs take place during the design/build and construction phase of the project within the fields of Architecture, Engineering, Sociology and Business. The initial planning budget for this project is 400,000,000.00 Euro Project Requirements: Provide Project Management services throughout the projects life-cycle. Provide maintenance services for a period of 35 years after finishing construction. Define business units for the performance of the project as logistics, purchasing, engineering, marketing, accounting and finance and so on. Determine the policies for the project development as the foundation. Acquire funding, sponsorships and strategic partnerships by means of Business Development. Environment research. To set up logistical routes to enhance effective and low cost material transportation. Planning for overall the project such as materials, human resources, etc. Quality controls. Project Assumptions: Stable long term investment return. Improve quality of life. Worlds biggest photovoltaic power plant. Long term benefits for economy and environment. Project Constraints: A negative position in the public ´s mind as activism, monopolies, traditionalist ideology, corruption. Mega Project scale. A risk of snowball effect when small problem might occurred but without been detected because the magnitude of the project. Lack of material or skilled labor. Global economic situation. Lack of sponsor and/or client commitment. Supply Chain shortfalls. Limited Logistics capacity of selected location. Project Deliverables: 100MW Photovoltaic Power Plant delivered 5 years following Project Initiation. Connection to main power grid. To provide sustainable facilities according to Eco- friendly policies. Conformance to relevant Standards, Codes of Practice (CoP), HAZMAT and Health and Safety guidelines. Plant decommissioning at the end of the projected life cycle. Provide Operation and Maintenance (OM) Manuals. Project Acceptance Criteria: The Project will be delivered within the agreed time and budget Everything has to be test and should fulfill the highest quality standards according to the established criteria. Paperwork should be submitted at delivery time. Periodical Auditing/Quality checks carried out in regular intervals throughout the Project. Reports and status progress should be delivered in the team meetings. Semi-independent operational status for each division to ensure flexibility. Divisions should operate according to project needs and requirements but have to adhere to the following constraints: Project Organization Structure Project Management Provide Project Services throughout the projects life cycle. Conduct Risk Assessment on a quarterly basis. Provide Time and Cost management services. Implement QMS Perform QA in accordance with implemented QMS. Supply Chain Division All tasks should be accomplished and performed according to the shipment policies and products specifications. Freight quotes agreements and contracts should be specify at the beginning of the project for the project duration, price increases should be regulated with a matrix and % limits in order to overpass the budget. Constant supervision and tracking transportation performance in order to avoid delayed material. To hire a customs agencies in order to fulfill the import regulations and to prevent extra costs. Warehouse forecast and cycle counts. Customs and taxes verification completed before the imports. Engineering Design and Build according to current Eurocode Codes and Standards, amend if necessary. Complete Pilot project prior to initiation of the Design Phase. Provide full set of drawings. Technical Specifications should adhere to current Eurocode Codes and Standards. Use of green materials and techniques where applicable. Risk analysis Compile Health and Safety Manuals. Provide decommission plan in compliance with current Hazmat Codes and Standards. Human Resources Personnel salaries should conform to current international treaties and regulations, with annual readjustments. Roles and responsibility description documentation should have done before starting the project. Detailed HRM will be performed by each Division semi-autonomously. Detailed and clear Union agreements should be signed and documented before starting the construction or hiring according to current laws and regulations. Conflict resolution always has to be guided by the established policies. Business Development Budgets and reports has to be accurate and be done by using the latest information and reliable data including external factors like tax rates, possible changes in taxes or any other variable covering a range of 12 to 15 years within reasonable forecasting capabilities.. Liaison duties following project initiation phase up to 3 years before completion to ensure political and public support, forming of strategic alliances/partnerships in inter-governmental and international organization level. Perform a Feasibility Study prior to initiation of Design Phase. Publicity campaign strongly oriented into the positive positioning. Contra-marketing plan in order to fight negative public opinion. Initial Work Breakdown Structure Politic statement Purpose Provide guidance for planning and handling negotiations with land owners and authorities in concern of Helios Solar Farm project. Scope This statement provides guidance for purchasing/leasing land, communication with public authority. Land Purchasing/Leasing Policy All activities involve purchasing and/or leasing of land during the project life cycle shall be reported to the project Management Board and must be conducted in accordance with the following procedure: I. An application and a report containing the complete details of the land (location, environment, legal owner, value, term of use, applicable laws or regulations, and etc.) must be filed and submitted to the Management Board by the Project Manager. II. If the application is approved by the Management Board, the board will grant an operating budget as state in the application to the Project Team, and will have authority to make expenditures within that budget. The project manager will be charged with the responsibility of preparing and executing legal agreement with land owner(s), and ensuring appraisal of land selected in terms of cost and suitability. III. The Management Board has right to deny an application, and the denied application shall not be submitted again. IV. While dealing and negotiating with the landowner and any relevant third party, the project team shall bear in mind the matter of confidential of the project. Public Communication Policy While communicating with any public authority, the project team shall keep in mind that: I. All external communication shall be documented. II. Communication shall be effective and efficient. III. Develop sustaining effective relationships with authorities. IV. Promote company image and reputation. V. All communications that may influence the project must be reported to the Project Manager. Environment statements Purpose: State the environmental objectives of the Helios Solar Farm Project. Scope: This statement provides a guidance to manage the environment throughout the Project Life Cycle. . Environmental Policy: I. The Project Manager shall educate, train and motivate staff to conduct their activities in an environmentally responsible manner. II. All activities in the project shall conform to most international environmental regulations and standards. III. Conduct an environmental impact assessment of each project phase, and act accordingly. Quality Policy Phoenix Group is committed to uphold the following quality statements: Achieve or exceed customer expectations. Maintain and expand employee competencies. Strive for constant improvement. Take all necessary steps to achieve project goals. Probable quality issues during the course of the project Quality involves everyone and all activities in the projects, any mistake or constrain can affect the whole project quality. Examples of lack of quality are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lack of skilled labor. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mistake in management process. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Low quality material. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delay in product delivery. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customer requirement not fulfilled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Installation shortfalls à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Capacity limits of harbor in selected location. Cause-and-effect Diagram Quality criteria of the project Customer Satisfaction: Customer and stakeholders requirements are fulfilled. Product and service quality data collection processes are well established. Business planning criteria: The project planning process is well established. All plans are reviewed regularly for progress and corrective actions taken when necessary. The business planning process includes managing the linkage to other areas of the value delivery chain. The vision and planned strategic are achieved. Business results are achieved as a result of good business planning. Management criteria: Project objectives, goals and schedules are clearly defined. There is a good data collection, analysis and understanding of root cause. Alternative solutions are reviewed and results have been achieved. Reviews are standardized and future plans are made. Key processes or activities are monitored and controlled. The key processes or activities are managed systematically. The project performance method has routinely been improved and documented Employee development criteria: Project and quality team are well managed. Employee training programs are implemented and sustained. Employees are empowered to make decisions and proposals. Quality audits system Follow the instruction of ISO 10011-1 Standard for Planning and Performing Quality Audits, we suggest similar project in the future shall follow the procedures listed below to perform the quality audit to improve its quality: Prepare an audit plan, this should be prepared by the audit manager and approved by the customer before the audit begins. The plan will define the objectives and scope of the audit, explain how long each phase of the audit will take, specify where and when the audit will be carried out.  It will also introduce the lead auditor and his team members, identify the quality elements, the groups and areas that will be audited, list the documents and records that will be studied and the people who are responsible for quality and whose areas and functions will be audited. The plan has to explain when meetings will be held with auditees senior management, and clarify who will get the final audit  report and when it will be ready. (ISO 10011-1) Perform the audit plan. This step starts with having an open meeting with the auditees senior management to introduce the audit team and the audit plan, confirm that the auditee is ready to support the audit process.  Then, the auditors have to Prepare audit working papers, such as quality management checklists and forms for record observations and collect evidence.   The evidence can be collected by interviewing personnel, reading documents, reviewing manuals, studying records, reading reports, scanning files, analyzing data, observing activities and examining conditions. Evidence shall be confirmed by more objective means.   Clues can be found through investigate evidences; the auditors must study the evidence and  document their observations; key nonconformities which are supported by the evidence and cross-referenced to the standards that are being violated must be listed. Auditors must draw conclusions about how  well the quality system is applying its policies and ach ieving  its objectives, and discuss evidence, observations, conclusions, recommendations, and nonconformities with senior managers of auditee before they prepare a final audit report.   (ISO 10011-1) Prepare the final audit report. The audit report should be dated  and signed by the lead auditor. This report should include the detailed audit plan, a review of the collected evidence, a discussion of the conclusions that were drawn, a list of the nonconformities that were identified, a judgment about how well the quality system  complies with all quality system requirements, and an assessment of the quality systems ability to achieve   quality objectives and apply the quality system policy.   The final report shall be sent to the client by lead auditor, and the client should send it to the auditee. (ISO 10011-1) The final step is to take remedial actions to correct or prevent nonconformities; and  a follow-up audits should be scheduled in order to verify that corrective and preventive actions were taken. (ISO 10011-1)

Human Resource Management Critical Review

Human Resource Management Critical Review Human Resource Management is concerned with the way in which associations coordinate their individuals (Redman and Wilkinson 2001: 1). It wrappings a very broad kind of notions, improvement, and procedures for coordinating and accelerating attachments and production in organizations. However, much of this is admonished for engaged in concept but not in practice. Due to the gigantic scale of the human asset management concept, this period paper mostly aspires to converse about this contention with quotation to a key and topical up to designated day facet of HRM, the strategic human asset management. Literature Review More recently, human asset management has consumed its wideness of study after the staple concerns of recruitment, assortment, educating pay and appraisal, etc. in exact, one stream of study, strategic human asset management (SHRM) has emerged as being highly influential in this esteem (Wilkinson A et al., 2001:10). SHRM points that an organizations human asset assets are probably the sole source of sustainable comparable for instance and much of the work in this locality arises from the resource-based concept (RBT) of the firm (Barney, 1991, 1995). The resource-based concept presents conceptual foundation for asserting that HR assets are key to firms comparable and relation advantage. Miller argue that operational linkages between the enterprise design and the standard in the main heading of employees are the key, or in his sayings, the fit of HRM with the strategic impel of the organizations (Wilkinson A et al., 2001:10) and he presents his delineation of SHRM: Those deductions and undertakings which disquiet the management of employees at all degrees in the enterprise and which are administered in the main heading of conceiving and sustaining comparable advantage. (Miller, 1987:352) Theorists address HRM as being intensified, unified and propelled by strategy: A strategic orientation is a vital constituent in human asset management. It presents the structure interior which a ordered approach can be developed to the creation and setting up of HRM values, designs and practices. [] The aim of strategic human asset management is to double-check that the heritage, procedure and structure of the association, and the worth, firm pledge and motivation of its employees, assists absolutely to the accomplishment of enterprise objective. (Armstrong M., 1992:47) The disquiet with design, which emphasizes on integrating standard with organizational design, taking a long-term viewpoint and asset other than cost (see Cheyne A, Lecturer comments, week 1/2003), distinguishes HRM from one-by-one management. It is claimed that one-by-one management is substaintially reactive, whereas HRM, exemplified by design, is proactive. For instance, Guest differentiates customary one-by-one management from HRM by virtue of the way in which the preceding disregarded, but the last cited adopts strategy (1993:213). SHRM takes a proactive way in the main heading of the competitiveness and effectiveness of the association other than of reactive day-to-day oriented one-by-one management. Strategic literatures stress the central asset of a enterprise as the source of comparable for instance, which can be maintained by the following aspects: They should add worth to the association activities They should be uncommon, unique They should be incapable to be refurbished by technology The affray should have adversity in making a replicate them / nonimitable These criteria of HRM appear in the pattern of adeptness, know-how and experience (Storey 1995: 4) The assumption of a close attachment between enterprise design and HRM values is founded on contingency concept, which keeps that HRM values are selected as claimed by the kind of comparable design taken up by businesses. Contingency concept (Miles and Snow, 1984; Porter, 1985; Schuler and Jackson, 1987a) notifies us, HRM designs should be gelled with accurate enterprise comparable designs if they are to boost association performance. The concept of fit facilitates the close linkage between HRM designs and enterprise designs in alignment to help hold and motivate employees. A firm applying HRM practices that increase employee demeanour dependable with its enterprise design is proficient to complete better production (Delery and Doty, 1996). In supplement, the proposal of the fit assists enterprises to coordinate their assets more competently, in alignment that they can decline operational allegations and answer competently to environmental restraints and new possibilities (Bird and Beechler, 1995). Therefore, creative linkage between enterprise designs and HRM designs may well reinforce organizational performance. Competitive design proposes a sequence of methodical and affiliated deductions that give a enterprise a comparable advantage relative to other enterprises (Schuler and Jackson, 1987a; Dowling and Schuler, 1990). The idea of enterprise comparable design arises mostly from Porters (1980, 1985) classifications of generic strategies: cost administration, differentiation, and focus. And Miles and Snow (1984) classified enterprise designs into three types: protector, prospector, and analyzer. Schuler and Jackson (1987a) utilised the time span trivially distinct from that of Porter to classify enterprise comparable designs into three types: cost decline, breakthrough, and worth enhancement. They furthermore identify distinct kinds of employee demeanour and HRM values, which are fitted to each comparable strategy. Firstly, cost-reduction design embraces reinforcing comparable for instance by decreasing the allegations of items or services. This design boosts yield effectiveness and declines charges through utilising new know-how, expanding the dimensions of yield, or re-organizing yield procedure, whereby a enterprise can launch its items or services at a lesser cost in alignment to gain more market shares. Secondly, breakthrough design stress the development of items or services, which are exclusive, nonimitable or distinct from those of the competition. Finally, the aim of worth enhancement design is to complete accomplishment by providing a worth that excels that of other items or services. Honda in Ohio presents a good instance of how comparable advantage can be profited by high-quality items (Schuler and Jackson, 1987a). Critical Analysis However, it is strong to identify the attachment between human asset management and design and it appears to be easier in concept than in practice. Marginson et al. (1998) found out that 80 per century of older managers in HRM claimed that they have general HRM designs but twosome of can explain what the designs are! In effect, both academics and practitioners have found out it hard to appreciate the implication of strategic human asset management in practice. Hendry (1994b) acknowledges that design is the better theme in HRM but furthermore a misread idea and the viewpoint writers on HRM offer on design is often slick and requiring in sophistication (1994b: 2) Perhaps the adversity is aggregated by requiring of case enquiries, which endow us have a insight look into the design in practice. For practitioner part, the stress of SHRM in concept has administered to large interest from older management assembly but proceed incorrect to fit the lower-level managers. We will converse about this in the subsequent part of the article. In minutia, just like Guest (1987) explained in his publication, human asset design may only unproblematic in the flawless position and Price (1997) concludes that: It should take position interior a purpose- assembled up to designated day place, a green locality position utilising care absolutely selected green labour. Such stuff would have no preceding know-how of the business in which the enterprise purposes and therefore would be untarnished by an undesirable evolved subculture. They would not be hide-bound by customary but outmoded ways of doing things. The association desires highly professional management, preferably Japanese and American. Employees should be allocated intrinsically giving work other than uninteresting reasons for which pay is the sole motivation. Workers should have security of paid work and not be absolutely in concern of mislaying their jobs. Discussion Guest acknowledges that these position are strong to complete in present because most associations have pre-existing workers, organisations and equipment that will not be discarded. They express with them with patterns of power and behaviors, which may be resisting to the HR philosophy. In supplement, the formalities of strategic conceiving are gigantic distinct accurate to distinct enterprises and the items emerge to be the completed thing to have one. Some associations develop a comprehensive some 100 years slips item while some use an unwritten guidance. However, neat theoretical improvement with successive sayings of enquiry, alternate and implementation are seldom glimpsed in practice. On the other hand, many older managers articulate the enterprise goals to their employees by the target affirmation, liking this present can lead to a high firm pledge from every one-by-one in the enterprise, since high firm pledge is glimpsed to be crucial for comparable edge. To some span, such standard does work for the target affirmation notifies the employees the essence of what an association is about: why it inhabits, what kind of enterprise it suggests to be, and who its suggested customers are etc. However, it has to accept that many associations develop a target affirma tion only because it is the completed thing to have one. The target affirmation is locked into the companys first-order designs and these are foremost deductions on its long-term aspires and the scope of its undertakings (Purcell 1995: 67) The foremost characteristics of strategic HRM is its integration with enterprise design, the notion being that HR values and practices should support the goals of a enterprise (Redman and Wilkinson, 2002). Storeys study (1992) concludes that such integration is uncommon in British organizations. His task intensified on 40 large utilising associations and committed 350 meetings with managers at all degrees, in which approximately 80% were line and general managers. He settled that: human asset management kind designs had been bolted on to the embedded system (Storey, 1992). The management change was very slow and hesitant process. There emerged to be need of integration between paid work practices, both one-by-one and collective, and broader enterprise strategy. Conclusion In deduction, while it works well in concept surrounding the theme of SHRM, human asset management seems to be inapt in practice. Based on the concern overhead, we have to accept that strategic human asset conceiving, which presents a structure for HR obligations over a time span, has its foundation on sensible conceiving but in present employees managers have a kind of adversities in appreciating and applying the strategy. Some of the adversities individuals face encompass developing new designs, restructuring, changing and holding for new skills. And more adversities reach from heritage and behavioural change and so on. Strategic human asset management stress numbers, quantitative affirmations, mind-set, demeanour and firm pledge while standards harder matching types of HRM (Price 1997: 184), but the implementation is inapt particularly when the responsibilities overtake to the line managers. In present, there are both goal and individual constituents pertaining to line managers and supervisors that lead to some blocks and obstacles to the integration between HRM design and association design and the implementation of strategy. In abstract, it is equitable to state that human asset management concept works well in concept but not in practice. In newest years, the locality of Human Resource Management has moved to address not only micro but furthermore macro relationships. The micro aim, evolving from evolved psychology, emphasized human asset values and their leverage on individuals. This aim was concerned solely with such deductions as job acceptance and employee participation. The macro aim moves the degree of enquiry from the one-by-one to the organization. Diversity Orientation: Configurational ViewDiversity becomes significant organizational goal and diversity management becomes particularly salient because of the natural inclination in the main heading of homogeneity in organizations. Schneiders (1987) Attraction-Selection-Attrition hypothesis (ASA) suggests that associations are inclined to apply, vessel for charter, and hold alike types of people. (Ellis, 1994, 79-110) Thus, diversity orientation serves as such means and should lead to amplified diversity. Diversity comprises expressing distinct backgrounds, heritage, and generations into the equal organization. This kind of perspectives can foster creativity. On the other hand, this kind of perspectives evolves inefficiencies in that diverse assemblies need circulated comprehending, probably making attachment slow and laborious. Thus, we propose that environments and designs that demand breakthrough and creative responses will benefit more from diversity than those environments that need efficiency. (Ellis, 1994, 79-110)One origin that configurations stay crucial for fostering diversity is founded upon concept termed social traps or communal dilemmas . These tricks begin when an try to address adversity more distant exacerbates the adversity through unintentional consequences. For instance, work/family program conceived to provide flexibility to employees could lead to pledge at odds production evaluations for those employees who avail themselves of the program. Likewise, an affirmative undertaking program may conceive communal knack through resentment from white males who appear procedural injustice (Thomas, 1990, 107-117). Diversity orientation mitigates the communal knack adversity by conceiving an natural natural environment where clear, unambiguous pointers are dispatched contemplating diversity. For instance, associations may bypass an affirmative undertaking communal knack by combining it with diversity educating that incorporates designs to absolutely integrate all employees into the organizational culture. Training can conceive an insight of these tricks and provide designs for talking to the underlying issues. Compensation and work conceive affairs may furthermore help bypass communal traps. The unequal circulation of work or buys fosters an one-by-one orientation and assists to individuals engaged competitively other than cooperatively. Thus, work conceive in support of diversity would are inclined in the main heading of symmetry in employee aid and outcomes. Further, Barry and Bateman (1996) argue that dispersed order enhances the organizations skill to conclusion communal tricks that hinder diversity advancement. Organizations with assemblies and work association with dispersed deduction making would are inclined to enhance diversity by circulating order and power all through the organization. Thus, one-by-one values directed in an identity-blind natural natural environment will more anticipated conceive communal traps. diversity orientation, on the other hand, will propel clear, unambiguous pointer that all employees and their aid are valued. Training and development, work conceive, staffing and reimbursement comprise the foremost constituents of diversity orientation. However, these constituents can function individually at cross causes or in concert. firm may have little or no aim on diversity with esteem to educating and development and high degree of diversity aim with esteem to work design. Although many enterprises continue to use these four dimensions of diversity individually, we have argued that configuration of these four practices will work simultaneously to enhance diversity. (Thomas, 1990, 107-117) Thus, multiplicative attachment inhabits in alignment that enterprises that have complementary configured educating and development, work conceive, staffing and reimbursement interventions will have important diversity orientation. This attachment evolves from the minutia that diversity is convoluted incident that yearns unchanging reinforcement. Larkey (1996) distinuishes an flawless diversity climate as increasing pluralism and circulated ideas. Barry and Bateman (1996) argue that diversity communal tricks are nested and enlist locked-in demeanour over degrees of analysis. Thus, values and practices that reside all through the human asset design may have communal knack attributes when analyzed independently. However, diversity orientation leaps the knack by conceiving an organizational security snare to foster and increase heritage diversity. For instance, The UK Instruments has diversity orientation (Thomas, 1990, 107-117). The companys Diversity Network of over 20 diversity designs embraces such characteristics as diversity forums and coalitions. (Thomas, 1990, 107-117) The enterprise furthermore has enterprise and enterprise degree diversity managers. The strategic administration of the enterprise incorporates diversity. Specific diversity designs encompass using, educating and development of kept protected class constituents and employee accolades for accomplishing excellence in boosting diversity. The Diversity Network manifestly serves as the key constituent altering one-by-one diversity programs into diversity orientation. References Armstrong M. (1992) Human Resource Management: Strategy and Action, kogan Page. Armstrong M. (1994) The reality of strategic of HRM, paper presented at the Strategic Direction of Human Resource Management Conference, Nottingham Trent University, 14-15 December. Bach, 2000, unnamed article, quoted in M. Marchington and A.Wilkinson (2002), People Management and Development: Human resource management at work, 2nd ed, Trowbridge, Wiltshire: Cromwell Press. pp 235. Barney, J. (1991) Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17 (1): 99-120 Barney, J.B. (1995) looking inside for competitive advantage, Academy of Management Executive, 9 (4): 49-61 Bird, A. and Beechler, S. (1995), Links between business and transnational human resource Cheyne A, Lecturer notes, week 1/2003 Comparative Labor Law and Industrial Relations in Industrialized Market Economics, Cunningham and Hyman, 1995 unnamed article, quoted in M. Marchington and A.Wilkinson (2002), People Management and Development: Human resource management at work, 2nd ed, Trowbridge, Wiltshire: Cromwell Press. pp 236. Delery, J.E. and Doty, D.H. (1996), Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource Dowling, P. and Schuler, R. (1990), Human resource management, in Blanpian, R. (Ed.), Guest, D. (1987) Human resource management and industrial relations, Journal of Management Studies, 24 (5): 503-21 Guest, D. (1993) Current perspectives on human resource management in the United Kingdom, in C. Brewster (ed) Current Trent in Human Resource Management in Europ, Kogan Page Hendry, C. (1994b) Developing a human resource strategy: a case study in organizational process, paper presented at the Strategic Direction of Human Resource Management Conference, Nottingham Trent University, 14-15 December. Legge, K. (1995a) Human resource management: a critical analysis, in J. Storey (ed.) Human Resource Management: A Critical Text, Routledge. management strategy in US based Japanese subsidiaries: an empirical investigation, management: tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2002), People Management and Development: Human resource management at work, 2nd ed, Trowbridge, Wiltshire: Cromwell Press. Marginson, P., Edwards, P., Martin, R., Purcell, J. and Sisson, K. (1988) Beyond the Workplace: Managing Industrial Relations in the Multi-establishment Enterprise, Blackwell. Miles, R.E. and Snow, C.C. (1984), Designing strategic human resource systems, Organization Dynamics, Vol. 13, pp. 36-52. R.R. Thomas, From Affirmative Action To Affirming Diversity, Harvard Business Review, (1990), 107-117.

The F.B.I. Essay examples -- FBI Police Crime Essays

The F.B.I. To uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal criminal law; to protect the U.S. from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, and international agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the constitution of the U.S.: this is the mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The agency now known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation was founded in 1908 when the Attorney General appointed an unnamed force of Special Agents to be the investigative force of the Department of Justice (DOJ). Before that time, the DOJ had to borrow Agents from the U.S. Secret Service to investigate violations of federal criminal laws within its jurisdiction. In 1909, the Special Agent Force was renamed the Bureau of Investigation, and after a series of name changes, it received its present official name in 1935. During the early period of the FBIs history, its agents investigated violations of mainly bankruptcy frauds, antitrust crime, and neutrality violation. During World War One, the Bureau was given the responsibility of investigating espionage, sabotage, sedition (resistance against lawful authority), and draft violations. The passage of the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act in 1919 further broadened the Bureau's jurisdiction. After the passage of Prohibition in 1920, the gangster era began, bringing about a whole new type of crime. Criminals engaged in kidnapping and bank robbery, which were not federal crimes at that time. This changed in 1932 with the passage of a federal kidnapping statute. In 1934, many other federal criminal statutes were passed, and Congress gave Special Agents the authority to make arrests and to carry firearms. The FBIs size and jurisdiction during the second World War increased greatly and included intelligence matters in South America. With the end of that war, and the arrival of the Atomic Age, the FBI began conducting background security investigations for the White House and other government agencies, as well as probes into internal security matters for the executive branch of the government. In the 1960s, civil rights and organized crime became major concerns of the FBI, and counterterrorism, drugs, financial crime, and v... .... hold a bachelors degree obtained in an accredited four-year resident program at a college or university; and 4. have three years full-time work experience, or fluency in a language for which the Bureau has a need for. After graduation from the FBI Academy, a new Special Agent is assigned to an FBI field office. This assignment is determined by the individuals special skills and the needs of the bureau. As part of their duties, Special Agents are required to relocate during their careers. Special Agents enter service in Grade GS 10 on the federal governments General Schedule pay scale and can advance to Grade 13 in field assignment. In our society today, one of the most important things to us is our safety. Organizations like the FBI help protect us and investigate crimes to help prevent future ones. Their motto is Fidelity, Bravery, and Integrity, and I think that each one of those words is justified when it comes to describing the Federal Bureau of Investigation. When the duties of the FBI are stated in the mission it says to perform these duties in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the Constitution of the United States.

Personal Narrative- Bonding Experience with Mom :: Personal Narrative Profile

Personal Narrative- Bonding Experience with Mom Summer was coming to an end, the night air grew brisker and the mornings were dew covered. The sun had just started to set behind our home; my father would be home soon. I walked into the kitchen only to be greeted by my mother cooking dinner. She stood there one hand on her hip, her one leg stuck out at her side, knee slightly bent, stirring the pot holding the spoon all the way at the tip of the handle. She looked as pissed off as could be. My mother always felt she could be doing a million other things besides cooking dinner. We sat there talking until I heard a familiar soft rumble in front of our house. The rumble was accompanied by my father fidgeting at the front door. His old noisy Bronco always made his presence known. He plodded down the hallway into the kitchen to greet my mother with a peck on the cheek. After one more quick stir she plopped a hot pad on the table followed by a pan of sliced meatloaf in sauce. The smell of the meat, potatoes, and veggies filled the kitchen instantly and the family gathered around the table. The meal was a typical one in our household, my mother who had a million other things to do that day, including having her own personal time did not feel like cooking a twelve course meal. However, my father who always came home expecting steak did not see the meal as appetizing as the rest of us. When my father blew up at my mother we were all expecting him to. The argument of "I want steak" and "I was working all day" was common in our family. I immediately took my mother's side like I usually did because no one in our family appreciates or respects what she does. My father would later grow to regret what he said and apologize. Tonight was different though. My mother usually took my father's comments in stride knowing he really does not mean what he says. But, this time they both exploded at each other and my mother ended up running out of the kitchen upset, retiring to her room.

Guadeloupe History Essay

1-The history of slavery in Martinique Before 1635: Era of French colonial discovery and settlement, with slavery forbidden on French territory. Pierre Belain d’Esnambuc (wiki), a former pirate from Normandy, is dispatched to the Caribbean colonies by the Compagnie des ÃŽles d’Amà ©rique (â€Å"American Island Company†), one of the main shareholders of which was Cardinal de Richelieu (wiki), an original founding father of the French colonial movement.. 1635 : Discovery and settlement of Martinique by d’ Esnambuc. 1639 : The Company begins importing both indentured servants (wiki) (French workers who have voluntarily committed to a 36-month work contract) and slaves purchased on the coast of Africa. Tobacco production is introduced into Martinique and requires little manual labor, which is performed mainly by the â€Å"concessionaire† (a person who has been awarded a land grant as a â€Å"concession† or a sort of homestead) and his indentured servants. At the end of the 36 months, the indentured servants could request their own homesteads (â€Å"concessions†). 1640 : The company, encountering severe financial problems, is forced to sell off the island to Dyel Duparquet, a Norman nobleman, who forms an alliance with the Caribbean Indians, and a royal edict is decreed forbidding their use as slaves, for strategic reasons. During this period, there are very few slaves on Martinican plantations (just a few dozen, approximately). 1645 : A group of Dutch Jewish colonists, driven out of northeastern Brazil by the Portuguese, land on Martinique, bringing with them the knowhow and technology involved in the production of sugar. Sugar-cane begins to replace tobacco as the primary crop in the West Indies and will eventually lead to a period of enormous prosperity in Martinique through the rest of the XVII century. The era of alcohol begins with the first techniques of distillation of juice from the sugar-cane plant , perfected by Pà ¨re Labat (wiki). The first sugar refineries are established in Martinique, with the  start-up capital coming from merchants from the various ports of France and the Paris region. But it soon becomes evident that manual labor from indentured servants alone will not be adequate to stoke the broad development of sugar production, with the result that traders and ship-captains begin to promote the use of slave-labor. It is first the Dutch, then shortly thereafter the French, forming the Sà ©nà ©gal Company, who are to launch the full-scale slave-trade. The Company, earning a royalty from the French Crown (Louis XIV) for every slave brought to Martinique, turns Goree island (wiki), off the Senegalese coast near Dakar, into one of the main focal points of French slave-trading activity, with ships leaving from Le Havre, Nantes (wiki), and la Rochelle, bringing trinketry and other cheap goods to exchange with the slave-traffickers of the â€Å"slave coast† (the part of the African coast stretching from Senegal to what is now Nigeria). 1685 : Colbert, Finance Minister under Louis XIV, drafts a set of rules governing the status of slaves in the colonies, called the â€Å"Code Noir (wiki)†. 1685-1717 : Sugar plantations progressively cover Martinique, which is bought back by the the French Crown. The economics of sugar production require two or three slaves per hectare, with the result that Martinique now has more slaves than free colonists, in turn resulting in twin social problems: one, a general rebelliousness among the slaves in various forms (revolts, poisonings, suicides); and, two, the high male-female ratio in the population, which has to be adjusted to allow for adequate levels of slave-breeding. Thus, the importation of slave women becomes a necessity. The status of all children derives from the status of their mother: a child born of a slave mother and a free father becomes a slave. 1715 : More than 1400 regular slave-trading sailings leave Nantes. 1717 : A revolt, called the â€Å"Gaoulà ©Ã¢â‚¬ , breaks out among white population, against the governor and the intendant, who are deposed by the regent. The port of Nantes gains the legal right to operate the slave trade. 1787-1788 : Martinique becomes a trans-shipping point for arms being sent to the colonial  revolutionaries in North America, for use against the British. Rochambeau (wiki), commander-in-chief of the French royal armies in North America, is sent to Martinique as governor at the outbreak of the American Revolution. 1789-1790 : In response to British threats against the island, Rochambeau mobilizes the militia and recruits slaves into its ranks by promising them their freedom if they behave like proper soldiers. By the Bourbon Restoration of 1818, these freed slaves will have come to be known as â€Å"Rochambeau freedmen†, or, alternatively, â€Å"the de facto free† or â€Å"Savanna freedmen†. Since, during the French Revolution, the export of sugar to France and the importation of food supplies, especially for the slaves, have become exceedingly difficult or impossible in full revolutionary wartime, the slaves in the colonies are forced to plant crops for their own consumption — a practice requiring, and resulting in, a general erosion of the authority of the slavemasters. 1793 : French Revolution continues Under pressure applied by the Society of Friends of Blacks and by humanists like Abbà © Grà ©goire (wiki), the French Convention (revolutionary governing body in mainland France) proclaims the abolition of slavery. But Martinique refuses to recognize the abolition decree (unlike Guadeloupe, which did recognize it because the settlers there , led by Dubucq, were having their attention diverted by the British). January, 1794: The Republican government agrees to a broader enforcement of the law of equality voted in March, 1792, by the Legislative Assembly. The majority of the freedmen of color change sides, while their former allies negotiate the surrender of the island to the British, who, upon the capitulation of March 1794, deport to France the defenders of the Republic. The decree of abolition of slavery voted by the Convention on February 4, 1794, has no effect in Martinique due to the fact that the island belongs to the English at that time. This is in contrast to the situation in Guadeloupe, where slavery has already been abolished during the administration of Victor Hugues, the prefect. But slavery was to be re-established there, eventually, too (on May 19, 1802, under the emperor Napoleon Bonaparte). 1814-1830 : The majority of the white population believe that only a non-egalitarian regime, free of separation of powers and a representative system, will permit the colony to survive. In 1814, during the drafting of the constitutional charter of that year (â€Å"La charte de 1814†), they manage to win inclusion of provisions for the reinstatement of slavery-related Ancien Rà ©gime institutions. Gradually, though, the various governments under the Bourbon Restoration will make huge efforts to get the colonists to accept the new laws forbidding slavery. 1822-1826 : Deteroration of the economic situation due to import duties imposed by the French government upon entry to the mainland, and the beginning of the sugar beet industry, produces various forms and incidents of rebellion among slaves and freedmen alike, who begin to be held suspect of separatist sedition, with some even being accused of including the use of poison as part of their tactical arsenal. In October, a rebellion of the â€Å"half-free† population breaks out in le Carbet. Neither charges of subversion lodged in December, 1823, against an activist of color named Bissette, nor massive deportations in 1824 designed to discourage the burgeoning desire for egalitarian reform, are able to prevent the representative system from reappearing in 1826, in the form of a General Council, elected by only a tiny percentage of the population. However, two years later, an attempt to reform the justice system was to fail completely. 1830-1846 : Sugar loses a third of its value while the improvement of the quality of life of the slaves requires increased government spending. On the homestead, replacement of the hoe by the plough contributes to a lightening of workload. The appearance of the first steam mills, however, brings changes. 1830-1833 : Despite the freed slaves’ newly-won eligibility for any job or profession or position, and the right to vote and hold office, and despite the emergence of a state primary-education system, social progress still remains modest. In Dec., 1833, during the lead-up to the election of a colonial council to replace the General Council which causes some social unrest, in the parish  of Grand’Anse (today Le Lorrain) the planters reject the appointment of a colored officer of militia, and a revolt ensues in the town of Marigot, precipitating the complete dissolution of the royal militia. The improvement of the freed slaves’ lot brings a spike in the birth-rate which compensates for the loss of black population due to cessation of the slave trade. This partially counteracts the efforts of the State, which, in the wake of the freeing of 26,000 slaves, is really able to help only the de facto freed slaves, persons freed in fact but whose freedom is not officially recognized by the law or the administrative bureaucracy. 1845 : The first sugar-cane mill (â€Å"usine†), belonging to one John Thorp, is built, resulting in a shift in power relations by limiting the function of the surrounding plantation (wiki) to that of mere suppliers. On the other hand, the plantations no longer require nighttime labor, and their revenues increase. But the need for manual labor in the mill, which will be readily available to the company only under the social conditions necessary for each person to have the right to offer his labor freely, contributes to social acceptance of the replacement of slave-labor by paid labor. 1848 : In February, the revolution in mainland France is greeted with relief. A decree of emancipation is signed in Paris on April 27, but it will finally only become publicly announced on June 3. In April, the March 4 decree which has created the Emancipation Committee has the population buzzing about official (as opposed to de facto) emancipation â€Å"because no French territory should have the right to hold slaves any longer†. Instead of trying to recapture the marrons (wiki), the slaveholders start to drive the strongest of their leaders off the plantations. Strikers at work places begin to demand housing, surrounding property, and wages, as the perquisites of freedom. Victor Schoelcher(wiki), Secretary of State for the navy and the colonies, is a very important figure of this period: he is the sworn enemy of Bissette, who has refused to appoint him to the Emancipation Committee. His political allies mobilize to gain redress for this injustice, and rioting breaks out. May 22, 1848: While capitalists clamor for immediate emancipation, the abolitionists, who  have been awaiting the arrival of the colored, technocratically-educated Franà §ois Auguste Perrinon(wiki), decide to take things back into their own hands. The local decision on abolition of May 23 provides the occasion for the Martinican population to proclaim proudly that they have taken over their own affairs at this dramatic moment in their history. The riots of May 22 have forced a de facto proclamation of emancipation eleven days before the arrival of the official decree. The blacks break and throw off their chains (â€Å"Nà ¨g pà ©tà © chenn†). 2- Guadeloupe: Columbus is credited with discovering the pineapple on the island of Guadeloupe in 1493, although the fruit had long been grown in South America. He called it pià ±a de Indias, meaning â€Å"pine of the Indians.†[2] During the 17th century, the Caribs fought against the Spanish settlers and repelled them. After successful settlement on the island of St. Christophe (St. Kitts), the French Company of the American Islands delegated Charles Lienard (Lià ©nard de L’Olive) and Jean Duplessis Ossonville, Lord of Ossonville to colonize one or any of the region’s islands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, or Dominica. Due to Martinique’s inhospitable nature, the duo resolved to settle in Guadeloupe in 1635, took possession of the island, and wiped out many of the Carib Amerindians. It was annexed to the kingdom of France in 1674. Over the next century, the British seized the island several times. The economy benefited from the lucrative sugar trade, which commenced during the closing decades of the seventeenth century. One indication of Guadeloupe’s prosperity at this time is that in the Treaty of Paris (1763), France, again defeated in war, agreed to abandon its territorial claims in Canada if the British returned Guadeloupe, which they had captured in the British Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759). In 1790, following the outbreak of the French Revolution, the monarchists of Guadeloupe refused to obey the new laws of equal rights for the free people of color and attempted to declare independence. The ensuing conflict with the republicans, who were faithful to revolutinoary France, caused a fire to break out in Pointe-à  -Pitre that devastated a third of the town. The monarchists ultimately overcame the republicans and declared independence in 1791. The monarchists then refused to receive the new governor that Paris had appointed in 1792. In 1793, a  slave rebellion broke out, which made the upper classes turn to the British and ask them to occupy the island. In an effort to take advantage of the chaos ensuing from the French Revolution, Britain seized Guadeloupe in 1794, holding control from 21 April until December 1794, when Victor Hugues obliged the English general to surrender.[3] Hugues succeeded in freeing the slaves, who then turned on the slave owners who controlled the sugar plantations. In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte issued the Law of 20 May 1802. It restored slavery to all of the colonies captured by the British during the French Revolutionary Wars, but did not apply to certain French overseas possessions such as Guadeloupe, Guyane, and Saint-Domingue. Napoleon sent an expeditionary force to recapture the island from the rebellious slaves. Louis Delgrà ¨s and a group of revolutionary soldiers killed themselves on the slopes of the Matouba volcano when it became obvious that the invading troops would take control of the island. The occupation force killed approximately 10,000 Guadeloupeans. On 4 February 1810 the British once again seized the island and continued to occupy it until 1816. By the Anglo-Swedish alliance of 3 March 1813, it was ceded to Sweden for a brief period of 15 months. However, the British administration continued in place and British governors continued to govern the island.[4] In the Treaty of Paris of 1814, Sweden ceded Guadeloupe once more to France. An ensuing settlement between Sweden and the British gave rise to the Guadeloupe Fund. The Treaty of Vienna in 1815 definitively acknowledged French control of Guadeloupe. Slavery was abolished on the island on 28 May 1848 at the initiative of Victor Schoelcher. Following the signing of the Whitehall Accord by (representing Guadeloupe), a British task force successfully invaded the island in April 1794. The planters and other Royalists had signed the Whitehall Accord with the British and colluded with France’s rival as a way of rejecting revolutionary events, particularly the abolition of slavery. When Hugues disembarked on 21 May 1794, he had a small force of 1,150 soldiers. He immediately declared an end to slavery and so rallied the slaves and gens de couleur. Within five days he took the capital, Pointe-à  -Pitre. Hugues was able to retake the island by 6 October 1794, when he obliged the English general to surrender in his camp of Barville with his whole force, in which were comprised 800 French emigres and 900 soldiers of African descent. *Vitor Hugues Even though he abolished chattel slavery, he still maintained a system of unpaid obligatory work. He reorganised the army, recruiting a large number of African former slaves, until his armed force amounted to around 10,000 men. Soldiers of both African and European descent were integrated imnto the same units with no racial distinctions. He ruled for four years before being recalled to France and was replaced by General Edme Desfourneaux. During that time, he purged the island of counter-revolutionaries, using a guillotine brought from France, and also worked to create a viable post-slavery regime, in which the island’s farms and plantations still functioned. Hugues is perhaps best known for authorizing privateers to attack shipping through the Caribbean, which brought great wealth to the island but also was part of the tensions between France and the United States (known as the Quasi-War in American history). With an army composed of White, Mulatto and ex-slave soldiers, Hugu es worked to export the revolution to neighboring islands, including Dominica, Saint-Martin, la Grenade, Saint-Vincent and Saint Lucia. *Louis Delgrà ¨s Louis Delgrà ¨s (177 66 – 1802) was a mulatto leader of the movement in Guadeloupe resisting reoccupation (and thus the reinstitution of slavery) by Napoleonic France in 1802.[1] Delgrà ¨s was born free in Saint-Pierre, Martinique.[2] An experienced military officer who had a long background fighting Great Britain in the many wars that country had with Revolutionary France, Delgrà ¨s took over the resistance movement from Magloire Pà ©lage after it became evident that Pà ©lage was loyal to Napoleon. Delgrà ¨s believed that the â€Å"tyrant† Napoleon had betrayed both the ideals of the Republic and the interests of France’s colored citizens, and intended to fight to the death. The French army led by Richepance drove Delgrà ¨s into Fort Saint Charles, which was held by the slaves. After realizing that they could not overcome the French forces and refusing to surrender, Delgrà ¨s left with 400 men and some women. At the battle of Matouba on May 28, 1802, Delgrà ¨s and his followers ignited their gunpowder stores, committing suicide in the process, in an attempt to kill as many of the French troops as possible.[3] *Victor Schoelcher Victor Schoelcher (1804-1893) was born in Paris in 1804 into a family of porcelain manufacturers, originally from Alsace. Sent to the Americas in 1829-30 by the family’s commercial house, he visited Mexico, Cuba, and the southern United States. That voyage occasioned several studies of American slave society which appeared in the Revue de Paris (â€Å"Letters from Mexico†, â€Å"The Blacks†). This began a long career as an abolitionist writer. A series of articles followed between 1833 and 1847: De esclavage des noirs et de la là ©gislation coloniale (1833), Abolition de l’à ©sclavage: examen critique du prà ©jugà © contre la couleur des Africains et des sang-mà ªlà ©s (1840), Des colonies franà §aises: Abolition immà ©diate de l’esclavage (1842), Colonies à ©trangà ¨res et Haà ¯ti: rà ©sultats de l’à ©mancipation anglaise (1842-43), Histoire de l’esclavage pendant des deux dernià ¨res annà ©es (1847). His writings betwe en 1841 and 1848 were esspecially consecrated to descriptions of the advantages from the abolition of slavery, drawn from a long comparative analysis of the results of emancipation in the British colonies (1834-38), the often pointed and precise denunciation of the â€Å"anti-social enormities of colonists†, and the elaboration of a project of social, economic, and political reorganization of the colonies after the juridical suppression of the slavery system. Advocating the rationalization of sugar production by the construction of large central factories, establishment of credit agencies in the colonies, a movement of concentration of land parallel with the constitution of a category of part-time agricultural workers, Schoelcher recommend finally a recourse to immigration of European farmers to the colonies. Engaged since his youth in the republican movement, a free mason, member of the society â€Å"Aide-toi, le ciel t’aidera†, Schoelcher was a regular contributor to La Rà ©forme. The first European abolitionist to visit Hati after independence, he alone recognized and markedly influenced all three phases of the abolitionist process in the French Caribbean colonies: the pre-abolitionist period, the juridical abolition, and long post-slavery period. His actions in 1848 as under Secretary of State for colonies in the Provisional Government–named by Franà §ois Aragoto this function–, his presidency of the commission for the abolition of slavery and the preparation, under his direction of the French decree abolishing slavery of April 27, 1848–which made slaves â€Å"newly freed† and â€Å"new  citizens†Ã¢â‚¬â€œgave birth to a republican political movement in Guadeloupe and Martinique, â€Å"Schoelcherism†. The â€Å"Schoelcherist† tendency, especially strong in Guadeloupe, received a majority of votes in legislative elections between 1848 and 1850 and after 1871. Closely tied to local free masons, the Schloecherist current sustained the appearance of a republican press in the French colonies during 1849. Schoelcher was the foremost French specialist on the Caribbean in general and on colonial questions in the 19th century. Exceptionally well informed by his political functions and by his membership on all the commissions which the Ministry of Marine and Colonies formed between 1848 and 1851 and after 1871, he fashioned a network of correspondents throughout the entire Caribbean, Great Britain, and the United States. In the National Assembly, Schoelcher sat on the extreme left. In 1849 he wrote his electors in La Và ©rità © aux ouvriers et aux cultivateurs de la Martinique, â€Å"Above all one is never pardoned for being called a ‘montagnard,’ a socialist. . . . [That is not] because I am one but rather I was a socialist that they so label me.† Schoelcher analyzed no less minutely the political effervescence experienced in the French Caribbean colonies. He published notably Le procà ¨s de Marie-Galante in 1850. Schoelcher and â€Å"schloelcherism† created in 1848 a myth, the myth of slavery, savior of the colonial population bound in servitude, defender of civil rights which recognized the decree of abolition of 1848. The myth of colonial assimilation, the principle of the inheritance of 1789, European colonists and colonial administrators have judged dangerously â€Å"revolutionary† since that period. The carrier of profound contradictions, the myth has been narrowly associated with the ambiguities of the French republican movement’s attitude toward colonial questions.